The projects in the Bradley Research Group are focused primarily on modifying isolated particles, colloids or structures at specific locations on their surface. This type of control is referred to as toposelectivity. The approach taken here is to exploit the toposelective interaction of polarizable isolated objects with electric fields. This leads to the ability to carry out electrochemistry at predetermined locations on an object's surface without physical contact. Since both anodic and cathodic regions are formed on the same object, this phenomenon is known as bipolar electrochemistry.